This is a two-part unit on using spinal opioids to manage postoperative pain. Part 1 outlines the pharmacology and adverse effects. For details on spinal anatomy and dose levels, plus a table that ...

Concomitant use of tramadol and certain antidepressants is associated with a higher risk for seizures among older adults in a ...

For thousands of Americans, opioids no longer relieve pain -- they cause pain. Known as "opioid tolerance," patients eventually become desensitized to opioids and more sensitive to pain after years of ...

Koumine, a prominent monoterpene indole alkaloid isolated from Gelsemium elegans, has emerged as a compound of considerable interest due to its multifaceted pharmacological profile. Extensive ...