A graphic illustrating the four possible interactions between two particles, where the arrows indicate the force experienced by the particle of that color due to the gradient surrounding the particle ...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has established itself as a decisive tool for probing nanoscale interactions, particularly adhesion forces and capillary phenomena. A precise understanding of these ...

Force spectroscopy relies on the precise measurement of forces acting on a probe as it interacts with a sample. The key principles of force spectroscopy include: AFM-based force spectroscopy is the ...

Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VaCNT) membranes can be used to clean or desalinate water with a high flow rate and low pressure. Recently, researchers from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ...

Warm Jupiters are rewriting the rules of planet formation - showing eccentric orbits that stay strangely aligned with their ...

Researchers have discovered that molecules experience non-reciprocal interactions without external forces. Fundamental forces such as gravity and electromagnetism are reciprocal, where two objects are ...